Health Care Assistance in Modern Japan

People who do not have indemnification through their employers could participate in a national wellness insurance program administered by the local governments. All elderly persons have been covered by government-sponsored insurance since 1973. Under these plans, patients could choose the physicians or facilities of their choice (Dolan & Worden, 1992, pp. 123-124).

A prepare health system had been established in Japan down the stairs national legislation as part of a usage extending back to the nineteenth century. The main components of this system are health education and health services, as well as health aspects of the school environment. The system has an especially highly developed showing process, and today the Japan Society of School Health performs crowd screening for titty diseases such as congenital spirit diseases, acquired midsection diseases, and arrhythmias; respiratory diseases such as tuberculosis and asthma attack; and renal diseases such as hephritis and nephrosis. Mass screening for heart disease tries to offer accurate diagnosis and systematic go of heart disease in the school population. Screening for heart diseases includes electrocardiography (ECG) and phonocardiography (PCG) (Grunbaum & Labarthe, 1990, p. 330).

The Japanese system can thus be seen as offering health dread from the cradle to the grave. It is seen as one of the most comprehensive and efficient health care systems in the world. The system has produced one of the healthiest societies in the

Rubinstein, E. (1989, September). The health of nations. National Review, p. 11.

The system supported by the health insurance plan includes to a greater extent than 1,000 mental hospitals, 8,700 widely distributed hospitals, and 1,000 comprehensive hospitals with a total capacity of 1.5 million beds. both in-patient and out-patient care are provided. There are similarly 79,000 clinics offering primarily out-patient care, and there are 48,000 dental clinics. Most physicians and hospitals consider medicine directly to patients, but there are also over 36,000 pharmacies providing patients with the opportunity to purchase synthetic or herbal tea medication. The system, also has more than 191,400 physicians, 66,800 dentists, and 333,000 nurses.

There are also more than 200,000 people licensed to practice massage, acupuncture, moxibustion, and other East Asiatic therapeutic methods. Chinese-style herbalists have been required to be licensed aesculapian doctors since about 1900, and training was professionalized and, except for East Asian healers, was establish on a biomedical model of disease. The practice of biomedicine was influenced as well by Japanese social organization and pagan expectations concerning education, the organization of the workplace, and social relations of status and dependency, decision-making styles, and ideas about the homophile body, causes of illness, gender, individualism, and privacy. It has been noted that daily hygienic behavior and the concepts underlying it, as perceived and expressed in terms of biomedical source theory, are in fact tied to the basic Japanese symbolic structure.

The present level of equity, says Ikegami, was achieved through a slow down process that started by extending the population insured and then by leveling the inequities between the plans. Health insurance was first make available in Japan in 1927 for manual workers employ in large companies. This was done by the establishment of the insurance Societies. The system developed to a considerable degree
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