What I Have Learned in Introduction to Psychology

In Introduction to Psychology we touched briefly on a lot of the components of psychology. It is an introduction tell apart, so it does non go deep into any one category, instead just skims most of them. I lettered what qualifies psychology as a intuition, the wittiness and how it is significant in the science of psychology. I well-educated maskive sensation and wisdom and then did a project on how psychoactive drugs alter them. We talked in depth about conduct, classical conditioning specifically, and cover operant conditioning quite well as well.Freud was discussed quite a good deal, since he is crackn as the founder of psychology. The psychodynamic theories on development, spirit, and genial dis values as well as other theories ar some of the subjects I result be going into depth in this paper. What is Psychology? The textbook describes psychology as the scientific study of sort and psychogenic processes (Cicc belli & White, p. 4, 2009). In class, the defini tion of psychology we delectationd is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes and how they ar affected by an organisms physical state, mental state, and external state (K.Hoecker, class lecture, 2010).The four goals of psychology are to describe, agnize, predict, and transmute why behavior is take a chanceing (Ciccarelli & White, p. 5, 2009). Psychology is a social science, pore on the individual, which is mendd to sociology, anthropology, political science, and economics (K. Hoecker, class lecture, 2010). What Are the Models of psychopathology? in that location are seven models of psychological medicine mentioned in the textbook psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, sociocultural, biopsychological, and evolutionary (Ciccarelli & White, p. 13-16, 2009).In class we similarly discussed the womens liberationist perspective (K. Hoecker, class lecture, 2009). The archetype psychoanalytical theory was based on Freud and he believed that sex and versed motivations were stooge a persons behavior. Modern psychodynamic theory centralizees on childhood experiences and unconscious judgements in relationship to a persons behavior (Ciccarelli & White, p. 13, 2009). The behavioral perspective is the idea that piles actions and behaviors are based on what they hurt leaded. Watson and Skinner were both important mess in the behaviorist field (Ciccarelli & White, p. 14, 2009).Humanistic approach to psychology is a newer approach than the other two and the most famous founders of the approach are Carl Rogers, and Abraham Maslow. The humanistic approach emphasizes free begin out and human potential to change. Gestalt started the cognitive perspective on psychology with his studies of thought. Cognitive perspective with its nidus on memory, intelligence, lore, thought processes, problem solving, langu bestride and learning has become a major force in psychology (Ciccarelli & White, p. 15, 2009). Sociocultural psychology tries to e xplain the context of use of behavior and how it is influenced by society (Ciccarelli & White, p. 5, 2009). The idea that behavior is bugger offd by genetics, hormones, and personate chemistry is biopsychiatry.Biopsychiatry is becoming an extremely important field, because of the possibility now to visualise mental illnesses with brain scans. (Ciccarelli & White, p. 16, 2009). Darwin is the most famous evolutionary psychiatrist. Evolutionary psychiatry is the study of the evolutionary basis of human behavior (Ciccarelli & White, p. 16, 2009). The last psychiatrical theory is non mentioned in the text book only if it is the feminist theory. The feminist theory searchs gender roles, and gender bias (K.Hoecker, class lecture, 2010).It is important to screw about the disparate perspectives on psychiatry because they have various touchs and treatment models. If a person is think on going into the psychiatric field they would need to bonk the different types of psychiatry an d which one meets their personality and popular opinion system. What Does the Brain Have to do With Psychiatry? The brain is where thought processes happen and has al counselings held mystery. Scientists are discovering new things all the time. We now know that 10% of the brain is do up of neurons, and the remaining 90% is make up of glial cells.Glial cells hold things in place, insulate the paths for galvanising currents, provide the neurons with nutrients and clean up the dead neurons (K. Hoecker, class lecture, 2010). Neurons are made up of different parts. The soma is the body of the cell dendrites branch cancelled the soma and receive mess yearss. Axons are tubes that transmit messages to other cells the axon is covered by myelin to help insulate the axon and speed up the messages. The synaptic knobs, also known as the axon terminals, store the neurotransmitters that protract the messages (Ciccarelli & White, p. 49, 50, 2009).The left side of the brain deals with the depe nd fitted half of the body, language, math, logic, analysis and reading. The right hemisphere of the brain handles the left half of the body, nonverbal communication, visual-spatial perception, music, art, emotions, comprehension, process, pattern, and facial recognition (Ciccarelli & White, p. 78, 2009). The cerebellum is located in the back lower part of the brain. It controls balance, muscle coordination, learned reflexes, and habits (Ciccarelli & White, p. 69, 2009). The Cerebral cortex is the outer covering of the brain. It controls complex thoughts (Ciccarelli & White, p. 68, 2009).There are four lobes to the cerebral cortex. The frontal lobe is located in the front of the brain and controls planning, personality, memory, decision making, and language. The parietal lobes are in the top and back of the brain. The parietal lobes process information from the skin and help to recognize where your body is in relation to things. The occipital lobe is in the rear of the brain and id entifies information from the eye (Ciccarelli & White, p. 73, 2009). In the text, neurologist, Oliver Sachs patient that had a tumor in his occipital lobe could see things and describe them, only if could not light upon them. Sacks once gave him a rosaceous to look at. The man turned it around and around and began to describe it as a red inflorescence of some type with a car park tubular projection. Only when he held it under his nose (stimulating the sense of smell) did he recognize it as a rose (Sachs, 1990 as cited in Ciccarelli & White, p. 73, 2009).The lay lobes of the cerebral cortex are located behind the temples. They contain the audile and auditory association areas (Ciccarelli & White, p. 74, 2009). Sensation and Perception Sensation is the activation of receptors in sense organs i. . eyes, ears, skin, nose, taste buds (K. Hoecker, class lecture, 2010). Perception is the way in which the brain interprets the information and forms it into logical functions (Ciccarelli & White, p. 116, 2009). The process of ever-changing sensation to perception is called transduction (Ciccarelli & White, p. 92, 2009). I found habituation and sensory adaptation to be interesting. addiction is the ability to tune information out from the ears. You keep mum are perceive the noise, just not give attention to it (Ciccarelli & White, p. 94, 2009).Sensory adaptation is obturate out the smell, sight, touch or taste aft(prenominal) no changing stimuli. Sensory adaptation is different than habituation because the senses themselves become familiar with the stimuli and no longer send signals to the brain instead of the brain not paying attention to the signals (Ciccarelli & White, p. 94, 2009). Psychoactive Drugs Psychoactive drugs produce altered states of consciousness. They alter sensation, perception and memory. There are four types of psychoactive drugs stimulants, narcotisings, narcotics, and hallucinogens (Ciccarelli & White, p. 158, 2009).Stimulants the sympat hetic and or the cardinal nervous system to increase in their levels of functioning (Ciccarelli & White, p. 158, 2009). Depressants slow the commutation nervous system down the most known and used depressant is alcohol. Narcotics are all opium based and suppress the sensation of pain. They bind to endorphins and cause the body to release more (Ciccarelli & White, p. 164, 2009). Hallucinogens cause the brain to change the way it reads information, they can cause the brain to read sights as smells, colors have sound, and sounds have smells, and so on (Ciccarelli & White, p. 65, 2009). Classical Conditioning The brain is unavoidable in order to learn, act, and live. Classical conditioning is a type of learning that was started by a Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov identified elements that had to be experienced repeatedly and in an order for classical conditioning to happen (Ciccarelli & White, p. 179, 2009). The naturally occurring arousal is called the unconditional stimul us. The unlearned response to the inborn stimulus is the unconditioned response.A stimulus that has no effect on the unconditioned response is called the unbiassed stimulus. The neutral stimulus is ultimately turned into the conditioned stimulus if it is presented often and on a strict pattern. Once the unconditioned response begins to happen when the conditioned stimulus is presented, it is then the conditioned response (Ciccarelli & White, p. 181, 2009).Extinction is the losing and eventual absence of the conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus if it is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (Ciccarelli & White, p. 82, 2009), Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of the conditioned response for a short while when the master conditioned response appears (Ciccarelli & White, p. 182, 2009). Higher order conditioning is aspireting response to other stimuli based on the original conditioned stimuli. In the textbook they theorize about what would happen if after Pavlov succeeded in getting the dogs to salivate at the bell ring, what would happen if he snapped his fingers right before he ran the bell (Ciccarelli & White, p. 183, 2009)? The theory is that after plenty times the dogs would salivate at the finger snap.Why is Learning all-important(prenominal)? There are five types of learning classical conditioning, operant conditioning, bill/vicarious learning, latent learning, and insight learning. Besides being able to commit up tests to test the types of learning, why is it important to know about the slipway humans and animals learn? It is important to know how you learn best, why populate are doing certain things, and what works to teach animals and children how to do things. For instance children learn a lot of their actions through observational learning (Ciccarelli & Whit, p. 209, 2009).Children learned how to act towards a doll based on how others treated the doll, in an experiment (Bandura, et al. , 1961 as cited in Ciccarelli & White, p. 209, 210, 2009). Development Human development is the scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age, from conception until death (Ciccarelli & White, p. 310, 2009), temper, cognition, biological development, and social connections are all considered to be part of developing (Ciccarelli & White, p. 317, 2009). There are four argued theories nature versus nurture, continuity versus symbolizes, stability versus change, individual versus widely distributed (K.Hoecker, class lecture, 2010). Continuity versus stops was the most interesting aspect of development to me. I believe that people change throughout their lives but I take ont necessarily believe that a stage needs to be completed 100% in order to successfully reach maturity. Piagets stages of cognitive development include four stages that a person mustiness complete in order to be at their highest potential. From birth until 2 years old a child is considered to be in the sensorimotor stage. In the sensorimotor stage a child uses their senses and motor skills to explore and learn about the world.By the end of the sensorimotor stage the child will hear that when a person or object disappears it still exists (Ciccarelli & White, p. 326, 2009). From ages 2 until 7 a child is said to be in the preoperational stage, in which they can ask questions about their environment and do not have to rely on their senses alone. They are only able to focus on one object at a time and cannot understand that by changing the appearance of something it does not mean that the thing itself has changed (Ciccarelli & White, p. 327, 2009). The threesome stage of Piagnets stages is the concrete operations stage.During the concrete operations stage, age 7 to 12, a child can think logically but is lacking in the ability to understand abstract ideas (Ciccarelli & White, p. 328, 2009). The last of Piagnets stages is the formal operations stage. The formal operations stage is generally from the age of 12 onward. During this last stage a person is able to understand abstract thoughts and can have hypothetical thinking (Ciccarelli & White, p. 328, 2009). Personality Personality is how a person acts, think, receives, and presents themselves, it is a constant and originates within the individual (K.Hoecker, class lecture, 2010). There are four goals of personality theorists figure out the components of identify, see to it out the structure of personality, and find out how people are cause and the dynamics of personality, and how personality varies from person to person. Psychodynamic Theory of Personality Sigmund Freud split a persons personality into three main components, the Id, the ego, and the superego. They are explained as, Id If it feels good, do it (Ciccarelli & White, p. 520, 2009,Ego The executive director (Ciccarelli & White, p. 20, 2009), and the Superego The moral watchdog (Ciccarelli & White, p. 521, 2009). Freud theorized that we develop in stages, which he called psychosexual stages. The first stage is the oral stage, the main focus is oral pleasure and if a person has difficulty in this stage are effected by problems with ability to form interpersonal attachments, basal notions about the world, tendency to use oral forms of aggression, such as sarcasm, optimism or pessimism, tendency to take charge or be passive (Ciccarelli & White, p. 525, 2009). The back up stage is the anal stage.The anal stage is focused on catgut and bladder control. The third stage is the phallic stage is focused on the genitals and is when a child identifies themselves physically with the same sex stir (Ciccarelli & White, p. 525, 2009). From age 6 years to puberty is called the latency stage because not much is going on psychosexually. From puberty to death is the genital stage in which people focus on sexual behavior. I fag outt restrain with Freud on his theory of personality. To me it seems like he watched people develop and wrote a list based on what he precept in order to explain a difficult adulthood.I know from experience that if you turn potty training into a power trial it makes for a hellish experience but I dont think it is going to affect a child later on in their adulthood. Why Is This Important? I knew people learned in different ways but I didnt know that there are five different learning types and in those types, different styles. I am the mother of a young child and since we covered Chapter 5 (Ciccarelli & White, 2009), I have found myself looking back on the chapter in order to trick my daughter into learning new things.She now makes her bum every day because she modeled my action, and that same behavior worked towards putting dishes in the sink after dinner and picking up messes. I use to ask and then tell her to do something many times and get frustrated that it wasnt getting done, now that I model the behavior when I know she is watching she is doing everything I had asked of her before without the pow er struggle. conditioned the different models of psychiatry is important to me and will be used in my life after I get my degree.I am in the behavioral health and human services program and am planning on being a licensed alcohol and drug ounselor soon. I will have to choose what theorist I most agree with and what style to work with when dealing with patients. I know that I will be working with an agency and will have to follow their guidelines but I will still need to understand the theory behind the practice. Global Citizenship Different cultures experience the same thing in different ways. In some cultures someone with schizophrenia may be looked on as having special powers in our culture they are viewed as sick. Cultures also have different psychiatric disorders, based on their own belief systems and structure.In America is not common that a person will fear their genitals are going to shrink or strike off but in China they have a complaint name for it, Koro (Ciccarelli % Wh ite, p . 559, 2009). People act differently according to where they were raised, what they were taught and what resources addressable to them. I have an entirely different way of thinking and feeling about some things then even my sisters do, because they were raised with their father in a house while I grew up with my mother in a family shelter for a lot of my childhood.I am able to deal with some things better than them and other times I get panic stricken at things that dont affect them. flush though we grew up in the same country, the same state, we grew up in different economic levels and with different parents. Being raised in a different location, region, time, economic class, culture in general makes it difficult to relate to other people. If the people have different experience they may not be able to understand where a persons belief system is based and may not be able to bear out that persons beliefs.As discussed in the textbook people identify themselves. The social i dentity theory describes how a person develops an identity indoors a class. Social categorization is how a person identifies them and where they place themselves into the group to help determine the role they should play (Ciccarelli & White, p. 495, 2009). Identification is how the person sees themselves in the group, and social comparison is when a person compares themselves to others in order to feel better about their role (Ciccarelli & White, p. 495, 2009).